Only one type of computerized brain training has so far been shown to improve people's mental quickness and to significantly reduce the risk of dementia, said research presented at the recent Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.
The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study found that older adults' risk for dementia was reduced by 48 percent over 10 years when they completed 11 or more sessions of this brain-training technique.
Specifically, the risk of dementia was reduced by eight percent for each session of speed of processing training completed.
"This highly specific exercise is designed to improve the speed and accuracy of visual attention or someone's mental quickness," said Dr. Jerri Edwards, PhD, of the University of South Florida.
For example, during one task, a person must identify an object (e.g., a car or truck) at the center of a screen while locating a target, such as another car, in his or her peripheral vision.
As people practice the task, the time it takes them to locate the peripheral object gets shorter and shorter even as the objects become harder to distinguish. In more difficult tasks, the peripheral target is surrounded by distracting objects, forcing the person to work harder to stay focused, she said.
Participants that completed the speed of processing training experienced improved performance across standard cognitive (attention), behavioral (depressive symptoms, feelings of control), functional (health-related quality of life, functional performance) and real world measures (driving, predicted health care costs).
The ACTIVE study consisted of 2,832 participants, ages 65 to 94. The sample was 74 percent white and 26 percent African-American and 76 percent women. This study is the first large-scale, randomized trial to test the long-term outcomes of brain training effects on prevention of cognitive impairment in daily lives, she said.
"The mistake some people make is thinking that all brain training is the same," said Dr. Edwards.
"Lumping all brain training together is like trying to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics by looking at the universe of all pills, and including sugar pills and dietary supplements in that analysis. You'll find that some work and some do not. To then conclude that brain training does not work -- or is not yet proven -- is based on flawed analysis."
Because of this lack of targeted analysis, Dr. Edwards looked at studies focused on the effectiveness of a specific brain training exercise called speed of processing training -- also known as useful field of view training. Edwards and her team completed a systematic review and meta-analysis of more than 50 peer-reviewed research papers examining speed of processing training.
"Some brain training does work, but not all of it," said Dr. Edwards.
"People should seek out training backed by multiple peer-reviewed studies. The meta-analysis of this particular speed of processing training shows it can improve how people function in their everyday lives."