NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes have detected the most distant galaxy cluster that formed right after birth, an important stage of evolution never seen before.
The discovery of CL J1001+0220 (CL J1001 for short) pushes back the formation time of galaxy clusters -- the largest structures in the Universe held together by gravity -- by about 700 million years. The galaxy cluster is located about 11.1 billion light years from Earth.
The core of CL J1001 contains 11 massive galaxies, nine of which are experiencing an impressive baby boom of stars. Stars are forming in the cluster's core at a rate equivalent to over 3,000 Suns forming per year, a remarkably high value for a galaxy cluster, including those that are almost as distant, and as young as CL J1001.
"This galaxy cluster isn't just remarkable for its distance, it's also going through an amazing growth spurt unlike any we've ever seen," said Tao Wang of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) who led the study.
The diffuse X-ray emission detected by Chandra and ESA's XMM-Newton Observatory comes from a large amount of hot gas, one of the defining features of a true galaxy cluster.
"It appears that we have captured this galaxy cluster at a critical stage just as it has shifted from a loose collection of galaxies into a young, but fully formed galaxy cluster," said co-author David Elbaz from CEA.
Previously, only these loose collections of galaxies known as protoclusters had been seen at greater distances than CL J1001.
The results suggest elliptical galaxies in galaxy clusters like CL J1001 might form their stars during shorter and more violent outbursts than elliptical galaxies outside clusters. Also, this discovery suggests much of the star formation in these galaxies happens after the galaxies fall onto the cluster, not before.
The team of astronomers found CL J1001 has an unexpectedly high amount of mass in stars compared to the cluster's total mass. This may show the build-up of stars is more rapid in distant clusters than simulations imply, or it may show that clusters like CL J1001 are so rare that they are not found in today's largest cosmological simulations.
"We think we're going to learn a lot about the formation of clusters and the galaxies they contain by studying this object," said co-author Alexis Finoguenov of the University of Helsinki in Finland, "and we're going to be searching hard for other examples."
The result is based on data from a large group of observatories in space and on the ground including Chandra, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope, ESA's XMM-Newton and Herschel Space Observatory, the NSF's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique Northern Extended Millimeter Array (IRAM NOEMA), and ESO's Very Large Telescope.